While we covered the basics earlier, mastering the best way to write an abstract for a research paper also requires understanding different abstract types and common pitfalls.
Two main types of abstracts:
1. Descriptive abstracts (100–150 words)
These describe what the paper covers without revealing results. They include: background, purpose, and scope—but not findings or conclusions. Used mostly for theoretical papers, humanities, and book chapters.
Example descriptive abstract:
This paper examines the role of narrative structure in Virginia Woolf’s ‘Mrs. Dalloway.’ It analyzes how stream‑of‑consciousness techniques create temporal fragmentation. The paper also compares Woolf’s methods to those of James Joyce. Finally, it considers how these narrative choices reflect modernist anxieties about memory and identity.
2. Informative abstracts (150–250 words)
These summarize the actual content, including results and conclusions. Used for most STEM papers, social sciences, and empirical research. This is the more common type.
Example informative abstract:
*Narrative transportation theory suggests that readers immersed in stories change their beliefs. However, few studies have tested this effect with political narratives. In two experiments (N=487 and N=512), participants read either a pro‑immigration narrative or a control text. Experiment 1 found that transported readers showed 23% more support for immigration policies (p<.01). Experiment 2 replicated this effect and found it persisted for two weeks. Mediation analysis showed that emotional engagement, not argument strength, drove the change. These findings suggest that narratives influence political attitudes primarily through emotion, not reasoning. Campaigns should consider storytelling alongside factual appeals.*
Which abstract type should you write?
Check your assignment or journal guidelines. When in doubt, write an informative abstract—it’s more useful to readers.
Five common mistakes to avoid when using the best way to write an abstract:
- Using “I” or “we” too much – Most abstracts use passive voice or third person.
- Including citations – Abstracts rarely include references.
- Being too vague – “Significant results were found” (What results? How significant?)
- Exceeding the word limit – Journals reject abstracts that are too long.
- Forgetting keywords – Add 3–6 keywords after the abstract for discoverability.
Final checklist before submitting your abstract:
- Does it stand alone (makes sense without reading the paper)?
- Does it accurately represent the paper?
- Is every claim supported in the full paper?
- Is it within the word limit?
- Are there no typos or grammatical errors?
Learning the best way to write an abstract for a research paper takes practice. Write several drafts, get feedback, and compare your abstract to published examples in your field. A strong abstract is an investment—it determines whether anyone reads your work at all.